Functions of Accounting: There are certain users of accounts. Earlier it was viewed that accounting is meant for the proprietor or owner of the business, but changing social relationships diluted the earlier thinking. It is now believed that besides the owner or the management of the business enterprise, users of accounts include the investors, employees, … Read more
Accounting Concept: Accounting concepts are defined as basic assumptions on the basis of which financial statements of a business entity are prepared. They are used as a foundation for formulating various methods and procedures for recording and presenting business transactions. The important accounting concepts are given below: Accounting Concept (i) Business Entity Concept: Entity concept states … Read more
Classification of Errors or Types of Errors: Every concern is interested in ascertaining its true profit and financial position at the close of the trading year. But in spite of the best efforts of the bookkeeper and the accountant certain errors are committed in the recording of the transactions which affect the final accounts of … Read more
Fundamentals of Accounting: Every individual performs some kind of economic activity. A salaried person gets salary and spends to buy provisions and clothing, for children’s education, construction of house, etc. A sports club formed by a group of individuals, a business run by an individual or a group of individuals, a local authority like Calcutta … Read more
Capital expenditure is that expenditure which results in acquisition of an asset or which results in an increase in the earning capacity of a business. The benefit of such expenditure lasts for a long period of time. As we have already discussed, capital expenditure contributes to the revenue earning capacity of a business over more … Read more
Should Accountants learn to Code?: By the heading, you may get confused with what this article is exactly about? Let me give you some background of the subject. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is no longer a pipe dream, and robotic process automation (RPA) is already here and displacing blue collar workers and professionals alike. People like … Read more
Stages of Accounting: As per this definition, accounting is simply an art of record keeping. The process of accounting starts by first identifying the events and transactions which are of financial character and then be recorded in the books of account. This recording is done in Journal or subsidiary books, also known as primary books. … Read more
Accounting Cycle: When complete sequence of accounting procedure is done which happens frequently and repeated in same directions during an accounting period, the same is called an accounting cycle. Accounting cycle starts from the recording of individual transactions and ends on the preparation of financial statements and closing entries. The accounting cycle is the name given to the collective … Read more
Subsidiary Books: Introduction and Advantages of Subsidiary Books. In a Business, most of the transactions generally relate to receipts and payments of cash, sale of goods and their purchase. It is convenient to keep a separate register for each such class of transactions one for receipts and payments of cash, one for purchase of goods … Read more
Branches of Accounting: Accounting has universal application for recording transactions and events and presenting suitable information to aid decision-making regarding any type of economic activity ranging from a family function to functions of the national government. But hereinafter we shall concentrate only on business activities and their accounting because the objective of this study material is … Read more
The loss suffered by a company on the sale of fixed assets, The loss suffered by the business in the ordinary course of business is called revenue loss. Capital and Revenue Losses: Revenue losses are the losses which arise during the normal course of business whereas capital losses are those which occur when selling fixed … Read more
Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities: A contingent asset is a potential asset associated with a contingent gain. Unlike contingent liabilities and contingent losses, contingent assets and contingent gains are not recorded in accounts, even when they are probable and the amount can be estimated. and A contingent liability is defined as a liability which may arise depending on the outcome of a specific event. It is a possible obligation which may or may … Read more
Systems of Accounting, Basis of accounting (Cash Basis & Accrual Basis). Difference between Accrual Basis of Accounting and Cash Basis of Accounting. Cash Basis of accounting: Cash Basis of Accounting is a method of recording transactions by which revenues, costs, assets and liabilities are reflected in the accounts for the period in which actual receipts or … Read more
Accounting Principles : Accounting is a language of the business. Financial statements prepared by the accountant communicate financial information to the various stakeholders for decision-making purpose. Therefore, it is important that financial statements prepared by different organizations should be prepared on uniform basis. Also there should be consistency over a period of time in the … Read more
Capital Profit and Revenue Profit: Capital profit which is earned on the sale of the fixed assets, The profit which is earned during the ordinary course of business is called revenue profit. Following are the main differences between capital profit and revenue profit. Capital profit is earned by selling assets, shares and debentures at a price more than their book … Read more
Comparison between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure, check out difference between capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure. Capital Expenditure: This represents expenditure incurred for the purpose of acquiring a fixed asset which is intended to be used over long term for earning profits there from. e. g. amount paid to buy a computer for office use … Read more
Features of the Ledger Account: After recording the transactions in the journal, recorded entries are classified and grouped into by preparation of accounts. The book which contains all set of accounts (viz. personal, real and nominal accounts), is known as Ledger. It is known as principal books of account in which account-wise balance of each … Read more
Definition of Accounting: Accounting is used by business entities for keeping records of their monetary or financial transactions. A businessman who has invested money in his business would like to know whether his business is making a profit or incurring a loss, the position of his assets and liabilities and whether his capital in the … Read more
Capital and Revenue Receipts: Capital receipts comprise of payments or contributions into the business by the proprietor, partners or companies towards the capital of the firm and also any sum received from debenture-holders, any loans and the proceeds of sale of any fixed assets of a business enterprise. Capital Receipts – Govt receipts which either create liability … Read more
Users of Accounting Information: Accounting is of primary importance to the proprietors and the managers. However, other persons such as creditors, prospective investors, etc. are also interested in the accounting information. Generally users of accounts are classifed into two categories, (a) internal management and owners; and (b) external users or outsiders. Management accounting is concerned with … Read more
Role of Accountant: An accountant performs financial functions related to the collection, accuracy, recording, analysis and presentation of a business, organization or company’s financial operations. An accountant has several roles and responsibilities to meet in their job, both in terms of their competence at carrying out accounting practices as well as their ethics and approach … Read more
Double Entry System of book-keeping has emerged in the process of evolution of various accounting techniques. It is the only scientific system of accounting. According to it, every transaction has two-fold aspects debit and credit and both the aspects are to be recorded in the books of accounts. For example, if a business acquires something … Read more
Petty Cash Book: Payments in cash of small amounts like traveling expenses, postage, carriage etc. are petty cash expenses. These petty cash expenses are recorded in the petty cash book. The petty cash book is maintained by separate cashier known as petty cashier. The firm may adopt Imprest System of maintaining petty cash. The petty cashier … Read more
Suspense Account: When a trial balance does not agree, efforts are made to locate errors and rectify them. However, if reason for disagreement of trail balance cannot be found, a new account called suspense account is opened in order to give trial balance an appearance of agreement. Then final accounts are prepared. Debit balance in … Read more
Should Professional Accountants Care about Culture? Yes!. Extensive rules and procedures alone are not enough to ensure appropriate conduct in the work place—the financial crisis of 2008 illustrated this. At the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), we believe that a healthy culture is a prerequisite for corporate governance and risk management to be truly effective. … Read more
Rectification of Errors: Every concern is interested in ascertaining its true profit and financial position at the close of the trading year. But inspite of the best efforts of the book-keeper and the accountant certain errors are committed in the recording of the transactions which affect the final accounts of the concern. It, therefore, becomes utmost … Read more
Difference between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts: Receipts which are not of revenue nature are capital receipts.The Receipts which are not received now and then can be treated as capital receipt. The distinction of transaction into revenue and capital is done for the purpose of placing them in Profit and Loss account or in the … Read more
Accounts and its Classification (Accounts Classification): The business transactions are recorded in accounts. An account is an individual record of a person, firm, or thing, an item of income or an expense. An account is prepared for each type of asset, liability, owner(s) equity, revenue and expense. For example, the account of cash would show the … Read more
Revenue Expenditure: Expenses whose benefit expires within the year of expenditure and which are incurred to maintain the earning capacity of existing assets are termed as revenue expenditure. Amounts paid for wages, salary, carriage of goods, repairs, rent and interest, etc., are examples of revenue-expenditure. Depreciation on fixed assets is also a revenue-expenditure. To the extent … Read more
5 Key Factors to Consider While Choosing an Accounting Software. How to Choose Accounting Software. Do you run a small business? Are you planning to switch from traditional bookkeeping practices to using a business accounting software? While almost every business has benefited greatly from employing accounting software, there are few factors that you should consider … Read more