Functions of Accounting: There are certain users of accounts. Earlier it was viewed that accounting is meant for the proprietor or owner of the business, but changing social relationships diluted the earlier thinking. It is now believed that besides the owner or the management of the business enterprise, users of accounts include the investors, employees, … Read more
Deferred Revenue Expenditure: Deferred revenue expenditure is that expenditure for which payment has been made or a liability incurred but which is carried forward on the presumption that it will be of benefit over a subsequent period or periods. In short, it refers to that expenditure that is, for the time being, deferred from being charged … Read more
Classification of Errors or Types of Errors: Every concern is interested in ascertaining its true profit and financial position at the close of the trading year. But in spite of the best efforts of the bookkeeper and the accountant certain errors are committed in the recording of the transactions which affect the final accounts of … Read more
Fundamentals of Accounting: Every individual performs some kind of economic activity. A salaried person gets salary and spends to buy provisions and clothing, for children’s education, construction of house, etc. A sports club formed by a group of individuals, a business run by an individual or a group of individuals, a local authority like Calcutta … Read more
Difference between Book Keeping and Accounting with Meaning: Book-keeping is an activity concerned with the recording of financial data relating to business operations in a significant and orderly manner. It covers procedural aspects of accounting work and embraces the record-keeping function. Obviously, book-keeping procedures are governed by the end product, the financial statements. The term ‘financial … Read more
Capital expenditure is that expenditure which results in acquisition of an asset or which results in an increase in the earning capacity of a business. The benefit of such expenditure lasts for a long period of time. As we have already discussed, capital expenditure contributes to the revenue earning capacity of a business over more … Read more
Journal: A journal is often referred to as Book of Prime Entry or the book of original entry. In this book transactions are recorded in their chronological order. The process of recording transaction in a journal is called as ‘Journalisation’. The entry made in this book is called a ‘journal entry’. Journal is the book of … Read more
Stages of Accounting: As per this definition, accounting is simply an art of record keeping. The process of accounting starts by first identifying the events and transactions which are of financial character and then be recorded in the books of account. This recording is done in Journal or subsidiary books, also known as primary books. … Read more
Accounting Cycle: When complete sequence of accounting procedure is done which happens frequently and repeated in same directions during an accounting period, the same is called an accounting cycle. Accounting cycle starts from the recording of individual transactions and ends on the preparation of financial statements and closing entries. The accounting cycle is the name given to the collective … Read more
General Journal: This is also known as Journal Proper or General Journal. It is used for making the original record of such transactions for which no special journal has been kept in the business. All transactions are first recorded in the journal as and when they occur; the record is chronological; otherwise it would be difficult to … Read more
Subsidiary Books: Introduction and Advantages of Subsidiary Books. In a Business, most of the transactions generally relate to receipts and payments of cash, sale of goods and their purchase. It is convenient to keep a separate register for each such class of transactions one for receipts and payments of cash, one for purchase of goods … Read more
LedLedger Accounts – Principal Book of Accounts: All journals are posted into ledger chronologically and in a classified manner Ledger is the principal book of accounts where similar transactions relating to a particular person or property or revenue or expense are recorded. It is a set of accounts. It contains all accounts of the business enterprise … Read more
Branches of Accounting: Accounting has universal application for recording transactions and events and presenting suitable information to aid decision-making regarding any type of economic activity ranging from a family function to functions of the national government. But hereinafter we shall concentrate only on business activities and their accounting because the objective of this study material is … Read more
The loss suffered by a company on the sale of fixed assets, The loss suffered by the business in the ordinary course of business is called revenue loss. Capital and Revenue Losses: Revenue losses are the losses which arise during the normal course of business whereas capital losses are those which occur when selling fixed … Read more
Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities: A contingent asset is a potential asset associated with a contingent gain. Unlike contingent liabilities and contingent losses, contingent assets and contingent gains are not recorded in accounts, even when they are probable and the amount can be estimated. and A contingent liability is defined as a liability which may arise depending on the outcome of a specific event. It is a possible obligation which may or may … Read more
Systems of Accounting, Basis of accounting (Cash Basis & Accrual Basis). Difference between Accrual Basis of Accounting and Cash Basis of Accounting. Cash Basis of accounting: Cash Basis of Accounting is a method of recording transactions by which revenues, costs, assets and liabilities are reflected in the accounts for the period in which actual receipts or … Read more
Types of Cash Book: Cash book is the book in which all transactions concerning cash receipts and cash payments are recorded. Cash Book is in the form of an account. It serves the purpose of Cash Account also. On the debit side, all cash receipts are recorded while on the credit side, all cash payments … Read more
Steps to Locate Errors: Even if there is only a very small difference in the trial balance, the errors leading to it must be located and rectified. A small difference may be the result of a number of errors. The following steps will be useful in locating errors: Whenever there is a difference in the trial … Read more
Accounting for Rectification of Errors , To err is human! So, it is obvious that while we are doing the accounting of an entity, we can make mistakes. But more important is to analyze & correct the mistakes. So here, we are providing the basics of Accounting for Rectification of Errors. Here, we will have a … Read more
Accounting Principles : Accounting is a language of the business. Financial statements prepared by the accountant communicate financial information to the various stakeholders for decision-making purpose. Therefore, it is important that financial statements prepared by different organizations should be prepared on uniform basis. Also there should be consistency over a period of time in the … Read more
Difference between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure: The following are the points of distinction between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure: The Revenue Expense relates to the operations of the business of an accounting period or to the revenue earned during the period or the items of expenditure, benefits of which do not extend beyond that period. … Read more
Accounting Equation: The accounting equation that is the foundation of double entry accounting. The accounting equation displays that all assets are either financed by borrowing money or paying with the money of the company’s shareholders. Thus, the accounting equation is: Assets = Liabilities + Shareholder Equity. All business transactions are recorded as having a dual aspect. At any point of time, a firm … Read more
Capital Profit and Revenue Profit: Capital profit which is earned on the sale of the fixed assets, The profit which is earned during the ordinary course of business is called revenue profit. Following are the main differences between capital profit and revenue profit. Capital profit is earned by selling assets, shares and debentures at a price more than their book … Read more
Comparison between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure, check out difference between capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure. Capital Expenditure: This represents expenditure incurred for the purpose of acquiring a fixed asset which is intended to be used over long term for earning profits there from. e. g. amount paid to buy a computer for office use … Read more
Features of the Ledger Account: After recording the transactions in the journal, recorded entries are classified and grouped into by preparation of accounts. The book which contains all set of accounts (viz. personal, real and nominal accounts), is known as Ledger. It is known as principal books of account in which account-wise balance of each … Read more
Limitations of Accounting, What are the Limitations of Accounting: Accounting is not fully exact: Accounting is influenced by the personal judgment in respect of various terms.People are bound to have different ideas and the estimates will naturally differ from person to person. Thus this will lead to the different amount of profit shown by a different … Read more
Definition of Accounting: Accounting is used by business entities for keeping records of their monetary or financial transactions. A businessman who has invested money in his business would like to know whether his business is making a profit or incurring a loss, the position of his assets and liabilities and whether his capital in the … Read more
Balancing Ledger Accounts: Balancing of an account means the process of equalizing the two sides of an account by putting the difference on the side where amount is short. After Ledger Posting is completed the various accounts are balanced in order to know the exact position of a particular kind of transaction. Where the debit side of an account … Read more
Capital and Revenue Receipts: Capital receipts comprise of payments or contributions into the business by the proprietor, partners or companies towards the capital of the firm and also any sum received from debenture-holders, any loans and the proceeds of sale of any fixed assets of a business enterprise. Capital Receipts – Govt receipts which either create liability … Read more
Users of Accounting Information: Accounting is of primary importance to the proprietors and the managers. However, other persons such as creditors, prospective investors, etc. are also interested in the accounting information. Generally users of accounts are classifed into two categories, (a) internal management and owners; and (b) external users or outsiders. Management accounting is concerned with … Read more